Monitoring expiratory carbon monoxide to study the effect of complete smoking cessation on definitive radiation therapy for early stage glottic carcinoma

Abstract

Background

Previous studies reported that cigarette smoking during radiation therapy was associated with unfavorable outcomes in various cancers using medical interviewing or monitoring of cotinine. Here, we evaluated the effect of smoking cessation on definitive radiation therapy for early stage glottic carcinoma by monitoring expiratory carbon monoxide (CO).

Material and methods

We enrolled 103 patients with early glottic carcinoma (T1N0/T2N0 = 79/24) who underwent conventional radiotherapy between 2005 and 2016. The median age was 70 years. Pathologically, all patients had squamous cell carcinoma. Since 2009, we confirmed smoking cessation before radiation therapy by medical interviews. Since 2014, we measured expiratory CO to strictly monitor smoking cessation. The patients were divided according to diagnosis years: ‘no cessation’ (2005–2008), ‘incomplete cessation’ (2009–2013), and ‘complete cessation’ (2014–2016). We retrospectively analyzed the local recurrence rate and disease-free survival (DFS).

Results

The median follow-up period was 60.1 months (range, 1.9–110.0 months). The 2-year local recurrence rate in the ‘complete cessation’ group was 5.3% and tended to be lower than that in the ‘incomplete cessation’ group (13.7%) and ‘no cessation’ group (21.2%). Multivariate analysis revealed that ‘no cessation’ was a risk factor for DFS (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.25) and local recurrence rate (HR = 16.5, p < .05) compared to ‘complete cessation.’

Discussion

We confirmed that the ‘complete cessation’ group had better prognosis than the ‘no cessation’ group by monitoring expiratory CO during radiation therapy for early stage glottic carcinoma. Moreover, monitoring expiratory CO was easier and more suitable than conventional methods for evaluating smoking cessation because it provided real-time measurements.