Prospective evaluation and clinical outcomes of adaptive radiotherapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2340/1651-226X.2026.45745Keywords:
Adaptive radiotherapy, Non-small cell lung cancer, Traffic light protocol, Replanning, Overall surival, Locoregional failure, Distant failure, Side effectsAbstract
Background and purpose: Locoregional tumor control is strongly associated with survival for non-small cell lung cancer, emphasizing the importance of precise radiotherapy delivery. This study aims to evaluate a traffic light adaptation protocol regarding target coverage, protocol performance and patient outcomes.
Material and methods: From 2019 to 2022, we prospectively enrolled inoperable non-small cell lung cancer patients. We acquired daily cone-beam computed tomography and traffic light registrations, classifying anatomical changes and need of action. Using repeated computed tomography (rCT) in week 1 and 3 for dosimetric evaluation, we recalculated clinical target volume (CTV) D98% and V95% with and without adaptation, and compared traffic light registrations with the actual dose distribution. Protocol performance was evaluated by the sensitivity and specificity in detecting CTV V95% < 98%.
Results: Among 45 patients with complete registrations, baseline shift and tumor shrinkage were most common changes, leading to corrections from bone to tumor match in 37.8% and replanning in 13.3% of patients. Among 38 patients with at least one rCT, 15.8% would have received insufficient CTV coverage without adaptation. Protocol sensitivity, specificity and balanced accuracy were 83.3, 88.6, and 85.7%, respectively. For 38 stage II–III patients, median overall survival was 43.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 32.9–54.1), median time to locoregional failure 27.4 months (95% CI: 0–61.8) and median estimated time to distant failure 30.7 months (CI not estimated due to censoring).
Interpretation: The protocol identified relevant changes, improving target coverage without increasing organ at risk doses. With appropriate training, protocol performance was good, and clinical outcomes were consistent with international results.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Ingvild Helø Carlsen, Vilde Ragnvaldsen Dyvik, Tuva Borgund Johannessen, Kristine Fjellanger, Inger Marie Sandvik, John-Vidar Hjørnevik, Turid Husevåg Sulen, Tone Nybø, Johanna Austrheim Hundvin, Sara Margareta Cecilia Pilskog, Øystein Fløtten, Vilde Drageset Haakensen, Liv Bolstad Hysing
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