Does rehabilitation improve work participation in patients with chronic spinal pain after spinal surgery: a systematic review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2340/jrm.v57.25156Keywords:
Chronic pain, Failed back surgery syndrome, Rehabilitation, Return to work, Systematic reviewAbstract
Objective: Patients with therapy-refractory chronic spinal pain after spinal surgery experience increased disability, resulting in substantial loss of employment and consequently lower quality of life. Despite findings that rehabilitation improves socio-economic outcomes in other chronic pain conditions, evidence for patients with chronic spinal pain after spinal surgery is limited. A systematic review was conducted to provide an overview of rehabilitation interventions and their effectiveness to improve work participation for patients with chronic spinal pain after spinal surgery.
Methods: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science, were systematically searched. Risk of bias was assessed using the modified Downs and Black checklist and GRADE was used to assess certainty of evidence. The review protocol was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022346091).
Results: The search yielded 1,289 publications. Full-text screening of 48 articles resulted in the inclusion of 6 publications. The included interventions comprised multiple treatment components, consisting of back school, self-care, functional restoration, multidisciplinary rehabilitation, physiotherapy, and digital care programmes to improve work participation.
Conclusion: Rehabilitation to improve return to work for patients with chronic spinal pain after spinal surgery was supported only by low-certainty evidence. Rehabilitation therapies that are personalized and that integrate the patient’s work seem most suitable.
Downloads
References
Wu A, March L, Zheng X, Huang J, Wang X, Zhao J, et al. Global low back pain prevalence and years lived with disability from 1990 to 2017: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Ann Transl Med 2020; 8: 299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2020.02.175
Safiri S, Kolahi A-A, Hoy D, Buchbinder R, Mansournia MA, Bettampadi D, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of neck pain in the general population, 1990–2017: systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. BMJ 2020; 368: m791.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m791 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m791
Cohen SP, Hooten WM. Advances in the diagnosis and management of neck pain. BMJ 2017; 358: j3221.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j3221 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j3221
Henschke N, Kamper SJ, Maher CG. The epidemiology and economic consequences of pain. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2015; 90: 139–147.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.09.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.09.010
Knezevic NN, Candido KD, Vlaeyen JWS, Van Zundert J, Cohen SP. Low back pain. Lancet 2021; 398: 78–92.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00733-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00733-9
Treede RD, Rief W, Barke A, Aziz Q, Bennett MI, Benoliel R, et al. Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP Classification of Chronic Pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Pain 2019; 160: 19–27.
https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001384 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001384
Nicol V, Verdaguer C, Daste C, Bisseriex H, Lapeyre É, Lefèvre-Colau M-M, et al. Chronic low back pain: a narrative review of re-cent international guidelines for diagnosis and conservative treatment. J Clin Med 2023; 12: 1685. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12041685
Maher C, Underwood M, Buchbinder R. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet 2017; 389: 736–747.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30970-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30970-9
Manchikanti L, Abdi S, Atluri S, Benyamin RM, Boswell MV, Buenaventura RM, et al. An update of comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for interventional techniques in chronic spinal pain. Part II: guidance and recommendations. Pain Physician 2013; 16: S49–283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2013/16/S49
Chou R, Loeser JD, Owens DK, Rosenquist RW, Atlas SJ, Baisden J, et al. Interventional therapies, surgery, and interdisciplinary rehabilitation for low back pain: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline from the American Pain Society. Spine 2009; 34: 1066–1077.
https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181a1390d DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181a1390d
Christelis N, Simpson B, Russo M, Stanton-Hicks M, Barolat G, Thomson S, et al. Persistent spinal pain syndrome: a proposal for failed back surgery syndrome and ICD-11. Pain Med 2021; 22: 807–818.
https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnab015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnab015
Alizadeh R, Sharifzadeh SR. Pathogenesis, etiology and treatment of failed back surgery syndrome. Neurochirurgie 2022; 68: 426–431.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuchi.2021.09.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuchi.2021.09.005
Rigoard P, Billot M, Ingrand P, Durand-Zaleski I, Roulaud M, Peruzzi P, et al. How should we use multicolumn spinal cord stimulation to optimize back pain spatial neural targeting? A prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial (ESTIMET Study). Neuromodulation 2021; 24: 86–101.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13251 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.13251
Rigoard P, Basu S, Desai M, Taylor R, Annemans L, Tan Y, et al. Multicolumn spinal cord stimulation for predominant back pain in failed back surgery syndrome patients: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Pain 2019; 160: 1410–1420.
https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001510 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001510
Naiditch N, Billot M, Goudman L, Cornet P, Roulaud M, Ounajim A, et al. Professional status of persistent spinal pain syndrome patients after spinal surgery (PSPS-T2): what really matters? A prospective study introducing the concept of “adapted profes-sional activity” inferred from clinical, psychological and social influence. J Clin Med 2021; 10: 5055. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215055
Manca A, Eldabe S, Buchser E, Kumar K, Taylor RS. Relationship between health-related quality of life, pain, and functional disability in neuropathic pain patients with failed back surgery syndrome. Value Health 2010; 13: 95–102.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4733.2009.00588.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4733.2009.00588.x
Breivik H, Collett B, Ventafridda V, Cohen R, Gallacher D. Survey of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment. Eur J Pain 2006; 10: 287–287.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.06.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.06.009
Lagerveld SE, Bültmann U, Franche RL, van Dijk FJH, Vlasveld MC, van der Feltz-Cornelis CM, et al. Factors associated with work participation and work functioning in depressed workers: a systematic review. J Occup Rehabil 2010; 20: 275–292.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-009-9224-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-009-9224-x
Haafkens J, Moerman C, Schuring M, van Dijk F. Searching bibliographic databases for literature on chronic disease and work partici-pation. Occup Med (Lond) 2005; 56: 39–45.
https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqi193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqi193
Norlund A, Ropponen A, Alexanderson K. Multidisciplinary interventions: review of studies of return to work after rehabilitation for low back pain. J Rehabil Med 2009; 41: 115–121.
https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0297 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0297
Toye F, Seers K, Allcock N, Briggs M, Carr E, Barker K. A synthesis of qualitative research exploring the barriers to staying in work with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Disabil Rehabil 2016; 38: 566–572.
https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2015.1049377 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2015.1049377
Alonso-García M, Sarría-Santamera A. The economic and social burden of low back pain in Spain: a national assessment of the eco-nomic and social impact of low back pain in Spain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2020; 45: E1026–e1032.
https://doi.org/10.1097/brs.0000000000003476 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000003476
Waddell G, Burton A. Is work good for your health and well-being? London: TSO; 2006.
Inoue S, Kamiya M, Nishihara M, Arai YP, Ikemoto T, Ushida T. Prevalence, characteristics, and burden of failed back surgery syn-drome: the influence of various residual symptoms on patient satisfaction and quality of life as assessed by a nationwide Inter-net survey in Japan. J Pain Res 2017; 10: 811–823.
https://doi.org/10.2147/jpr.S129295 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S129295
Stanton EW, Chang K-E, Formanek B, Buser Z, Wang J. The incidence of failed back surgery syndrome varies between clinical setting and procedure type. J Clin Neurosci 2022; 103: 56–61.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2022.06.027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2022.06.027
Goudman L, Bruzzo A, van de Sande J, Moens M. Goal identification before spinal cord stimulation: a qualitative exploration in poten-tial candidates. Pain Pract 2020; 20: 247–254.
https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12845
Desai MJ, Nava A, Rigoard P, Shah B, Taylor RS. Optimal medical, rehabilitation and behavioral management in the setting of failed back surgery syndrome. Neurochirurgie 2015; 61: S66–76.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuchi.2014.09.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuchi.2014.09.002
Amirdelfan K, Webster L, Poree L, Sukul V, McRoberts P. Treatment options for failed back surgery syndrome patients with refracto-ry chronic pain: an evidence based approach. Spine 2017; 42: S41–S52.
https://doi.org/10.1097/brs.0000000000002217 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000002217
Hussain A, Erdek M. Interventional pain management for failed back surgery syndrome. Pain Pract 2014; 14: 64–78.
https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12035 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12035
Ganty P, Sharma M. Failed back surgery syndrome: a suggested algorithm of care. Br J Pain 2012; 6: 153–161.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2049463712470222 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2049463712470222
Rigoard P, Gatzinsky K, Deneuville JP, Duyvendak W, Naiditch N, Van Buyten JP, et al. Optimizing the management and outcomes of failed back surgery syndrome: a consensus statement on definition and outlines for patient assessment. Pain Res Manag 2019; 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3126464 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3126464
Vogel N, Schandelmaier S, Zumbrunn T, Ebrahim S, de Boer WE, Busse JW, et al. Return-to-work coordination programmes for improving return to work in workers on sick leave. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 3: Cd011618.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011618.pub2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011618.pub2
Schaafsma F, Schonstein E, Whelan KM, Ulvestad E, Kenny DT, Verbeek JH. Physical conditioning programs for improving work outcomes in workers with back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; CD001822.pub2.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001822.pub2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001822.pub2
Steenstra IA, Munhall C, Irvin E, Oranye N, Passmore S, Van Eerd D, et al. Systematic review of prognostic factors for return to work in workers with sub acute and chronic low back pain. J Occup Rehabil 2017; 27: 369–381.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-016-9666-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-016-9666-x
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Syst Rev 2021; 10: 89.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01626-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01626-4
Thomas J, Kneale D, McKenzie JE, Brennan SE, Bhaumik S. Chapter 2: Determining the scope of the review and the questions it will address. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al., editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. version 6.3 ed. London: Cochrane; 2022.
Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan: a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev 2016; 5: 210.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4
Downs SH, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health 1998; 52: 377–384.
https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.52.6.377 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.52.6.377
Hooper P, Jutai JW, Strong G, Russell-Minda E. Age-related macular degeneration and low-vision rehabilitation: a systematic review. Can J Ophthalmol 2008; 43: 180–187.
https://doi.org/10.3129/i08-001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3129/i08-001
Granholm A, Alhazzani W, Møller MH. Use of the GRADE approach in systematic reviews and guidelines. Br J Anaesth 2019; 123: 554–559.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2019.08.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2019.08.015
Porteau-Cassard L, Zabraniecki L, Dromer C, Fournié B. A back school program at the Toulouse-Purpan teaching hospital: evaluation of 144 patients. Rev Rhum Engl Ed 1999; 66: 477–483.
Burke SA, Harms-Constas CK, Aden PS. Return to work/work retention outcomes of a functional restoration program: a multi-center, prospective study with a comparison group. Spine 1994; 19: 1880–1885. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199409000-00002
Poulain C, Kernéis S, Rozenberg S, Fautrel B, Bourgeois P, Foltz V. Long-term return to work after a functional restoration program for chronic low-back pain patients: a prospective study. Eur Spine J 2010; 19: 1153–1161.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-010-1361-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-010-1361-6
Tavares Figueiredo I, Dupeyron A, Tran B, Duflos C, Julia M, Herisson C, et al. Educational self-care objectives within a functional spine restoration program: retrospective study of 104 patients. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2016; 59: 289–293.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2016.03.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2016.03.006
Cui D, Janela D, Costa F, Molinos M, Areias AC, Moulder RG, et al. Randomized-controlled trial assessing a digital care program versus conventional physiotherapy for chronic low back pain. NPJ Digit Med 2023; 6.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00870-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-023-00870-3
Ibrahim ME, Weber K, Courvoisier DS, Genevay S. Recovering the capability to work among patients with chronic low back pain after a four-week, multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation program: 18-month follow-up study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019; 20: 439.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2831-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2831-6
Gatchel RJ, Mayer TG. Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with functional restoration. Spine J 2008; 8: 65–69.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2007.10.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2007.10.012
van Tulder MW, Koes B, Malmivaara A. Outcome of non-invasive treatment modalities on back pain: an evidence-based review. Eur Spine J 2006; 15: S64–81.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-005-1048-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-005-1048-6
Waddell G, Burton A, Kendall N. Vocational rehabilitation: what works, for whom, and when? London: Department for Work and Pensions; 2008. 307 p.
Waterschoot FPC, Dijkstra PU, Hollak N, de Vries HJ, Geertzen JHB, Reneman MF. Dose or content? Effectiveness of pain rehabilitat-ion programs for patients with chronic low back pain: a systematic review. Pain 2014; 155: 179–189.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2013.10.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2013.10.006
Tseli E, LoMartire R, Vixner L, Grooten WJA, Gerdle B, Äng BO. What Is the effectiveness of different duration interdisciplinary treatment programs in patients with chronic pain? A large-scale longitudinal register study. J Clin Med 2020; 9.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092788 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092788
Kamper SJ, Apeldoorn AT, Chiarotto A, Smeets RJ, Ostelo RW, Guzman J, et al. Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2015; 350: h444.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h444 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h444
Zaza C, Stolee P, Prkachin K. The application of goal attainment scaling in chronic pain settings. J Pain Symptom Manag 1999; 17: 55–64.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0885-3924(98)00106-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-3924(98)00106-7
Hazard RG. Failed back surgery syndrome: surgical and nonsurgical approaches. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006; 443: 228–232.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.blo.0000200230.46071.3d DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.blo.0000200230.46071.3d
Svanholm F, Björk M, Löfgren M, Gerdle B, Hedevik H, Molander P. Work interventions within Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation Programs (IPRP): frequency, patient characteristics, and association with self-rated work ability. J Pain Res 2023; 16: 421–436.
https://doi.org/10.2147/jpr.S390747 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S390747
Costa-Black KM, Feuerstein M, Loisel P. Work disability models: past and present. In: Handbook of work disability: prevention and management. New York: Springer Science + Business Media; 2013: p. 71–93.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6214-9_6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6214-9_6
Loisel P, Buchbinder R, Hazard R, Keller R, Scheel I, van Tulder M, et al. Prevention of work disability due to musculoskeletal disor-ders: the challenge of implementing evidence. J Occup Rehabil 2005; 15: 507–524.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-005-8031-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-005-8031-2
Foster NE. Barriers and progress in the treatment of low back pain. BMC Med 2011; 9: 108.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-9-108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-9-108
Loisel P, Durand P, Abenhaim L, Gosselin L, Simard R, Turcotte J, et al. Management of occupational back pain: the Sherbrooke model. Results of a pilot and feasibility study. Occup Environ Med 1994; 51: 597–602.
https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.51.9.597 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.51.9.597
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Pain, Disability, and Chronic Illness Behavior, Osterweis M, Kleinman A, Mechanic D. 12. Rehabilitation approaches and issues in chronic pain. In: Pain and disability: clinical, behavioral, and public policy perspectives. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 1987.
Schaafsma FG, Whelan K, van der Beek AJ, van der Es-Lambeek LC, Ojajärvi A, Verbeek JH. Physical conditioning as part of a return to work strategy to reduce sickness absence for workers with back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 2013: Cd001822.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001822.pub3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001822.pub3
Engers A, Jellema P, Wensing M, van der Windt DA, Grol R, van Tulder MW. Individual patient education for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; 2008: Cd004057.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004057.pub3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004057.pub3
Goudman L, Bruzzo A, van de Sande J, Moens M. Goal identification before spinal cord stimulation: a qualitative exploration in pot-ential candidates. Pain Pract 2020; 20: 247–254.
https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12845 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12845
Bernaers L, Cnockaert E, Braeckman L, Mairiaux P, Willems TM. Disability and return to work after a multidisciplinary intervention for (sub)acute low back pain: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil 2023; 37: 964–974.
https://doi.org/10.1177/02692155221146447 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/02692155221146447
Cole DC, Mondloch MV, Hogg-Johnson S. Listening to injured workers: how recovery expectations predict outcomes – a prospective study. CMAJ 2002; 166: 749–754.
Sampere M, Gimeno D, Serra C, Plana M, López JC, Martínez JM, et al. Return to work expectations of workers on long-term non-work-related sick leave. J Occup Rehabil 2012; 22: 15–26.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-011-9313-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-011-9313-5
Michel C, Guêné V, Michon E, Roquelaure Y, Petit A. Return to work after rehabilitation in chronic low back pain workers: does the interprofessional collaboration work? J Interprof Care 2018; 32: 521–524.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2018.1450231 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2018.1450231
Verhoef JAC, Bal MI, Roelofs P, Borghouts JAJ, Roebroeck ME, Miedema HS. Effectiveness and characteristics of interventions to improve work participation in adults with chronic physical conditions: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil 2022; 44: 1007–1022.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2020.1788180 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2020.1788180
Cullen KL, Irvin E, Collie A, Clay F, Gensby U, Jennings PA, et al. Effectiveness of workplace interventions in return-to-work for musculoskeletal, pain-related and mental health conditions: an update of the evidence and messages for practitioners. J Occup Rehabil 2018; 28: 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-016-9690-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-016-9690-x
Wehman PH, Revell WG, Kregel J, Kreutzer JS, Callahan M, Banks PD. Supported employment: an alternative model for vocational rehabilitation of persons with severe neurologic, psychiatric, or physical disability. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1991; 72: 101–105.
Wegrzynek PA, Wainwright E, Ravalier J. Return to work interventions for chronic pain: a systematic review. Occup Med 2020; 70: 268–277.
https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa066 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa066
Hoefsmit N, Houkes I, Nijhuis FJ. Intervention characteristics that facilitate return to work after sickness absence: a systematic literature review. J Occup Rehabil 2012; 22: 462–477.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-012-9359-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-012-9359-z
Evans L, O’Donohoe T, Morokoff A, Drummond K. The role of spinal surgery in the treatment of low back pain. Med J Aust 2023; 218: 40–45.
https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.51788 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.51788
Wang TY, Wang MY. Advances and challenges in minimally invasive spine surgery. J Clin Med 2024; 13: 3329. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13113329
Alshammari HS, Alshammari AS, Alshammari SA, Ahamed SS. Prevalence of chronic pain after spinal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus 2023; 15: e41841.
https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.41841 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.41841
Amundsen PA, Evans DW, Rajendran D, Bright P, Bjørkli T, Eldridge S, et al. Inclusion and exclusion criteria used in non-specific low back pain trials: a review of randomised controlled trials published between 2006 and 2012. BMC Musculoskeletal Disord 2018; 19: 113.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2034-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2034-6
Ceulemans D, Moens M, Reneman M, Callens J, De Smedt A, Godderis L, et al. Biopsychosocial rehabilitation in the working populat-ion with chronic low back pain: a concept analysis. J Rehabil Med 2024; 56: jrm13454.
https://doi.org/10.2340/jrm.v56.13454 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2340/jrm.v56.13454
Moens M, Goudman L, Van de Velde D, Godderis L, Putman K, Callens J, et al. Personalised rehabilitation to improve return to work in patients with persistent spinal pain syndrome type II after spinal cord stimulation implantation: a study protocol for a 12-month randomised controlled trial – the OPERA study. Trials 2022; 23: 974.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-022-06895-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-022-06895-5
Thomson S. Failed back surgery syndrome: definition, epidemiology and demographics. Br J Pain 2013; 7: 56–59.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2049463713479096 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2049463713479096
Kumar K, Taylor RS, Jacques L, Eldabe S, Meglio M, Molet J, et al. Spinal cord stimulation versus conventional medical management for neuropathic pain: a multicentre randomi-sed controlled trial in patients with failed back surgery syndrome. Pain 2007; 132: 179–188.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2007.07.028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2007.07.028
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Jonas Callens, Olivia Lavreysen, Lisa Goudman, Ann De Smedt, Koen Putman, Dominique Van de Velde, Lode Godderis, Dries Ceulemans, Maarten Moens
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All digitalized JRM contents is available freely online. The Foundation for Rehabilitation Medicine owns the copyright for all material published until volume 40 (2008), as from volume 41 (2009) authors retain copyright to their work and as from volume 49 (2017) the journal has been published Open Access, under CC-BY-NC licences (unless otherwise specified). The CC-BY-NC licenses allow third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material for non-commercial purposes, provided proper attribution to the original work.
From 2024, articles are published under the CC-BY licence. This license permits sharing, adapting, and using the material for any purpose, including commercial use, with the condition of providing full attribution to the original publication.
