ABILHAND-kids young CP: a measure of manual ability in young children with cerebral palsy aged 2 to 7
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2340/jrm.v57.42691Keywords:
Activities of Daily Living, Cerebral Palsy, Preschool Child, Hand, Upper Extremity, Patient Reported Outcome MeasuresAbstract
Objective: Hand dysfunction is one of the main factors contributing to daily activity limitations in children with cerebral palsy (CP). As a latent -variable, manual ability is not easily measurable, especially in young children. This study aimed to develop ABILHAND-Kids Young CP, a Rasch-built manual ability measure in young children with CP.
Design: Prospective study/questionnaire develop-ment.
Subjects/Patients: 107 CP children aged 2 to 7 (59% unilateral CP).
Methods: Responses of children’s parents to an 80-item experimental questionnaire were analyzed using RUMM2020 software to select items presenting the best psychometric qualities.
Results: ABILHAND-Kids Young CP includes 17 items with well-discriminated response categories and defines a valid, unidimensional, and linear scale. It presents high measurement precision (R = 0.94) and is invariant allowing the measurement of young children with CP whatever their age, gender, clinical form, and Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) levels. Its measures are significantly related to age (r = 0.22), school education, clinical form, MACS (r = –0.63) and Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (r = 0.74) (all p < 0.001, except age at p = 0.023).
Conclusion: ABILHAND-Kids Young CP is a unidimensional and linear scale specifically developed to measure manual ability in young children with CP. Its psychometric properties show promising potential in monitoring children’s evolution related to neurorehabilitation.
Downloads
References
Odding E, Roebroeck ME, Stam HJ. The epidemiology of cerebral palsy: incidence, impairments and risk factors. Disabil Rehabil 2006; 28: 183–191.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280500158422 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280500158422
Arner M, Eliasson AC, Nicklasson S, Sommerstein K, Hägglund G. Hand function in cerebral palsy. Report of 367 children in a population-based longitudinal health care program. J Hand Surg Am 2008; 33: 1337–1347.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.02.032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.02.032
Chiarello LA, Palisano RJ, Maggs JM, Orlin MN, Almasri N, Kang LJ, et al. Family priorities for activity and participation of children and youth with cerebral palsy. Phys Ther 2010; 90: 1254–1264.
https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090388
Ostensjø S, Oien I, Fallang B. Goal-oriented rehabilitation of preschoolers with cerebral palsy – a multi-case study of combined use of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) and the Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS). Dev Neurorehabil 2008; 11: 252–259.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17518420802525500 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17518420802525500
Penta M, Tesio L, Arnould C, Zancan A, Thonnard J-L. The ABILHAND questionnaire as a measure of manual ability in chronic stroke patients: Rasch-based validation and relationship to upper limb impairment. Stroke 2001; 32: 1627–1634.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.32.7.1627 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.32.7.1627
Öhrvall AM, Eliasson AC, Löwing K, Ödman P, Krumlinde-Sundholm L. Self-care and mobility skills in children with cerebral palsy, related to their manual ability and gross motor function classifications. Dev Med Child Neurol 2010; 52: 1048–1055.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03764.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03764.x
van Eck M, Dallmeijer AJ, van Lith IS, Voorman JM, Becher J. Manual ability and its relationship with daily activities in adolescents with cerebral palsy. J Rehabil Med 2010; 42: 493–498.
https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0543 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0543
Arnould C, Penta M, Renders A, Thonnard J-L. ABILHAND-Kids: a measure of manual ability in children with cerebral palsy. Neurology 2004; 63: 1045–1052.
https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000138423.77640.37 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000138423.77640.37
Penta M, Arnould C, Decruynaere C. Développer et interpréter une échelle de mesure: applications du modèle de Rasch. Sprimont: Mardaga; 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14375/NP.9782870098974
Elvrum AKG, Saether R, Riphagen II, Vik T. Outcome measures evaluating hand function in children with bilateral cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol 2016; 58: 662–671.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13119 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13119
Gilmore R, Sakzewski L, Boyd R. Upper limb activity measures for 5- to 16-year-old children with congenital hemiplegia: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol 2010; 52: 14–21.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03369.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03369.x
Klingels K, Jaspers E, Van de Winckel A, De Cock P, Molenaers G, Feys H. A systematic review of arm
activity measures for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Clin Rehabil 2010; 24: 887–900.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215510367994 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215510367994
Wallen M, Stewart K. Upper limb function in everyday life of children with cerebral palsy: description and review of parent report measures. Disabil Rehabil 2015; 37: 1353–1361.
https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2014.963704 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2014.963704
Bleyenheuft Y, Gordon AM, Rameckers E, Thonnard J-L, Arnould C. Measuring changes of manual ability with ABILHAND-Kids following intensive training for children with unilateral cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2017; 59: 505–511.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13338 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13338
Greaves S, Imms C, Dodd K, Krumlinde-Sundholm L. Assessing bimanual performance in young children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol 2010; 52: 413–421.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03561.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03561.x
Kruijsen-Terpstra AJA, Ketelaar M, Verschuren O, Smits DW, Jongmans MJ, Gorter JW. Determinants of developmental gain in daily activities in young children with cerebral palsy. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2015; 35: 265–279.
https://doi.org/10.3109/01942638.2014.957429 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/01942638.2014.957429
Klevberg GL, Østensjø S, Krumlinde-Sundholm L, Elkjær S, Jahnsen RB. Hand function in a population-based sample of young children with unilateral or bilateral cerebral palsy. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2017; 37: 528–540.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01942638.2017.1280873 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01942638.2017.1280873
Nordstrand L, Eliasson AC, Holmefur M. Longitudinal development of hand function in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy aged 18 months to 12 years. Dev Med Child Neurol 2016; 58: 1042–1048.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13106
Haley SM, Coster WJ, Ludlow LH, Haltiwanger JT, Andrellos PJ. Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI). Development, standardization, and administration manual, version 1.0. Boston (MA): New England Medical Center Hospitals; 1992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t08316-000
Henderson A. Self-care and hand skill. In: Henderson A, Pehoski C, editors. Hand function in the child: foundations for remediation. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1995, p. 164-183.
Andrich D. A rating formulation for ordered response categories. Psychometrika 1978; 43: 561–573.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02293814 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02293814
Terwee CB, Bot SDM, de Boer MR, van der Windt DAWM, Knol DL, Dekker J, et al. Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status question-
naires. J Clin Epidemiol 2007; 60: 34–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/pn.42.8.0034a
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012
Arnould C, Vandervelde L, Batcho CS, Penta M, Thonnard J-L. Can manual ability be measured with a generic ABILHAND scale? A cross-sectional study conducted on six diagnostic groups. BMJ Open 2012; 2: e001807.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001807 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001807
Elvrum A-KG, Zethræus B-M, Vik T, Krumlinde-Sundholm L. Development and validation of the Both Hands Assessment for children with bilateral cerebral palsy. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2018; 38: 113–126.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01942638.2017.1318431 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01942638.2017.1318431
Chiarello LA, Palisano RJ, Maggs JM, Orlin MN, Almasri N, Kang L-J, et al. Family priorities for activity and participation of children and youth with cerebral palsy. Phys Ther 2010; 90: 1254–1264.
https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090388 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090388
Bleyenheuft Y, Paradis J, Renders A, Thonnard J-L, Arnould
C. ACTIVLIM-CP a new Rasch-built measure of global activity performance for children with cerebral palsy. Res Dev Disabil 2017; 60: 285–294.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2016.10.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2016.10.005
Ego A, Lidzba K, Brovedani P, Belmonti V, Gonzalez-Monge S, Boudia B, et al. Visual-perceptual impairment in -children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol 2015; 57: 46–51.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12687 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12687
Burgess A, Boyd RN, Ziviani J, Ware RS, Sakzewski L. Self-care and manual ability in preschool children with cerebral palsy: a longitudinal study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2019; 61: 570–578.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14049
Smits DW, Gorter JW, Riddell CA, Voorman JM, Rosenbaum PL, Palisano RJ, et al. Mobility and self-care trajectories for individuals with cerebral palsy (aged 1–21 years): a joint longitudinal analysis of cohort data from the Netherlands and Canada. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2019; 3: 548–557.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30122-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30122-1
Vos RC, Becher JG, Ketelaar M, Smits DW, Voorman JM, Tan SS, et al. Developmental trajectories of daily activities in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Pediatrics 2013; 132: e915–e923.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0499 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0499
Eliasson AC. Improving the use of hands in daily activities: aspects of the treatment of children with cerebral palsy. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2005; 25: 37–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J006v25n03_04
https://doi.org/10.1080/J006v25n03_04 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/J006v25n03_04
Geerdink Y, Aarts P, van der Holst M, Lindeboom R, Van Der Burg J, Steenbergen B, et al. Development and psychometric properties of the Hand-Use-at-Home questionnaire to assess amount of affected hand-use in children with unilateral paresis. Dev Med Child Neurol 2017; 59: 919–925.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13449 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13449
Greaves S, Imms C, Dodd K, Krumlinde-Sundholm L. Development of the Mini-Assisting Hand Assessment: evidence for content and internal scale validity. Dev Med Child Neurol 2013; 55: 1030–1037.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12212 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12212
Krumlinde-Sundholm L, Eliasson AC. Development of the Assisting Hand Assessment: a Rasch-built measure intended for children with unilateral upper limb impairments. Scand J Occup Ther 2003; 10: 16–26.
https://doi.org/10.1080/11038120310004529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/11038120310004529
Ostensjø S, Carlberg EB, Vøllestad NK. Motor impairments in young children with cerebral palsy: relationship to gross motor function and everyday activities. Dev Med Child Neurol 2004; 46: 580–589. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb01021.x
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0012162204000994 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012162204000994
Tseng MH, Chen KL, Shieh JY, Lu L, Huang CY. The determinants of daily function in children with cerebral palsy. Res Dev Disabil 2011; 32: 235–245.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2010.09.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2010.09.024
Hanna SE, Law MC, Rosenbaum PL, King GA, Walter SD, Pollock N, et al. Development of hand function among chil-
dren with cerebral palsy: growth curve analysis for ages 16 to 70 months. Dev Med Child Neurol 2003; 45: 448–455.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00939.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00939.x
Holsbeeke L, Ketelaar M, Schoemaker MM, Gorter JW. Capacity, capability, and performance: different constructs or three of a kind? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009; 90: 849–855.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2008.11.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2008.11.015
Eliasson AC, Ullenhag A, Wahlström U, Krumlinde--Sundholm L. Mini-MACS: development of the Manual
Ability Classification System for children younger than 4 years of age with signs of cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2017; 59: 72–78.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13162 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13162
Christensen KB, Makransky G, Horton M. Critical values for Yen’s Q3: identification of local dependence in the Rasch model using residual correlations. Appl Psychol Meas 2017; 41: 178–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621616677520 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621616677520
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Carlyne Arnould, Julie Paradis, Massimo Penta, Jean-Louis Thonnard, Yannick Bleyenheuft
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All digitalized JRM contents is available freely online. The Foundation for Rehabilitation Medicine owns the copyright for all material published until volume 40 (2008), as from volume 41 (2009) authors retain copyright to their work and as from volume 49 (2017) the journal has been published Open Access, under CC-BY-NC licences (unless otherwise specified). The CC-BY-NC licenses allow third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material for non-commercial purposes, provided proper attribution to the original work.
From 2024, articles are published under the CC-BY licence. This license permits sharing, adapting, and using the material for any purpose, including commercial use, with the condition of providing full attribution to the original publication.
