Updated Role of High-frequency Ultrasound in Assessing Dermatological Manifestations in Autoimmune Skin Diseases
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2340/actadv.v102.1969Keywords:
High-frequency ultrasound, Autoimmune skin diseases, Ultrasonic imaging mechanism, Skin pathologyAbstract
Autoimmune skin diseases are a group of disorders that arise due to the dysregulated immune system attacking self-antigens, causing multiple tissue and organ lesions. With disease progression, the physical and psychological health of patients may be seriously damaged. High-frequency ultrasound is non-invasive, reproducible, and suitable for visualizing the fine structure of external organs. The usage of high-frequency ultrasound has increased in recent years in the auxiliary diagnosis and monitoring of various skin diseases; it serves as a promising tool for dermatological disease assessment. This review summarizes the characteristics of high-frequency ultrasound imaging in common autoimmune skin diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, psoriasis, dermatomyositis, and pemphigus/pemphigoid. The objective of this review is to provide new ideas and strategies for dermatologists to diagnose and track the prognosis of autoimmune skin diseases.
Downloads
References
Vesely MD. Getting under the skin: targeting cutaneous autoimmune disease. Yale J Biol Med 2020; 93: 197-206.
Chiorean R, Mahler M, Sitaru C. Molecular diagnosis of autoimmune skin diseases. Rom J Morphol Embryol 2014; 55: 1019-1033.
Polańska A, Jenerowicz D, Paszyńska E, Żaba R, Adamski Z, Dańczak-Pazdrowska A. High-frequency ultrasonography-possibilities and perspectives of the use of 20 MHz in teledermatology. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8: 619965.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.619965 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.619965
Almuhanna N, Wortsman X, Wohlmuth-Wieser I, Kinoshita-Ise M, Alhusayen R. Overview of ultrasound imaging applications in dermatology [Formula: see text]. J Cutan Med Surg 2021; 25: 521-529.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1203475421999326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1203475421999326
Alfageme F, Wortsman X, Catalano O, Roustan G, Crisan M, Crisan D, et al. European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB) position statement on dermatologic ultrasound. Ultraschall Med 2021; 42: 39-47.
https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1161-8872 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1161-8872
Kleinerman R, Whang TB, Bard RL, Marmur ES. Ultrasound in dermatology: Principles and applications. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2012; 67: 478-487.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2011.12.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2011.12.016
Reimers CD, Fleckenstein JL, Witt TN, Muller-Felber W, Pongratz DE. Muscular ultrasound in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies of adults. J Neurol Sci 1993; 116: 82-92.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-510X(93)90093-E DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-510X(93)90093-E
Barcaui EO, Carvalho AC, Lopes FP, Pineiro-Maceira J, Barcaui CB. High frequency ultrasound with color Doppler in dermatology. An Bras Dermatol 2016; 91: 262-273.
https://doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164446 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164446
Wortsman X, Wortsman J. Clinical usefulness of variable-frequency ultrasound in localized lesions of the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 62: 247-256.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2009.06.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2009.06.016
Rallan D, Harland CC. Ultrasound in dermatology - basic principles and applications. Clin Exp Dermatol 2003; 28: 632-638.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2230.2003.01405.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2230.2003.01405.x
Schneider SL, Kohli I, Hamzavi IH, Council ML, Rossi AM, Ozog DM. Emerging imaging technologies in dermatology: Part I: Basic principles. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 80: 1114-1120.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2018.11.042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2018.11.042
Burns PN. Principles of Doppler and color flow. Radiol Med 1993; 85: 3-16.
Gennisson JL, Deffieux T, Fink M, Tanter M. Ultrasound elastography: principles and techniques. Diagn Interv Imaging 2013; 94: 487-495.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2013.01.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2013.01.022
Zhang X, Zhou B, Osborn T. Ultrasound surface wave elastography for assessing scleroderma. Ultrasound Med Biol 2020; 46: 1263-1269.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.01.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.01.021
Sigrist R, Liau J, Kaffas AE, Chammas MC, Willmann JK. Ultrasound elastography: review of techniques and clinical applications. Theranostics 2017; 7: 1303-1329.
https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.18650 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.18650
Taljanovic MS, Gimber LH, Becker GW, Latt LD, Klauser AS, Melville DM, et al. Shear-wave elastography: basic physics and musculoskeletal applications. Radiographics 2017; 37: 855-870.
https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2017160116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2017160116
van den Hoogen F, Khanna D, Fransen J, Johnson SR, Baron M, Tyndall A, et al. 2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: an American college of rheumatology/European league against rheumatism collaborative initiative. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 72: 1747-1755. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-eular.238
https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204424 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204424
Rongioletti F, Ferreli C, Atzori L, Bottoni U, Soda G. Scleroderma with an update about clinico-pathological correlation. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2018; 153: 208-215.
https://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-0488.18.05922-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23736/S0392-0488.18.05922-9
Chiu YE, Abban CY, Konicke K, Segura A, Sokumbi O. Histopathologic spectrum of morphea. Am J Dermatopathol 2021; 43: 1-8.
https://doi.org/10.1097/DAD.0000000000001662 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/DAD.0000000000001662
Li H, Furst DE, Jin H, Sun C, Wang X, Yang L, et al. High-frequency ultrasound of the skin in systemic sclerosis: an exploratory study to examine correlation with disease activity and to define the minimally detectable difference. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20: 181.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-018-1686-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-018-1686-9
Wortsman X, Wortsman J, Sazunic I, Carreno L. Activity assessment in morphea using color Doppler ultrasound. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 65: 942-948.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2010.08.027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2010.08.027
Zhang X, Zhou B, Osborn T, Bartholmai B, Kalra S. Lung ultrasound surface wave elastography for assessing interstitial lung disease. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2019; 66: 1346-1352.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2018.2872907 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2018.2872907
Ruaro B, Santiago T, Hughes M, Lepri G, Poillucci G, Baratella E, et al. The updated role of ultrasound in assessing dermatological manifestations in systemic sclerosis. Open Access Rheumatol 2021; 13: 79-91.
https://doi.org/10.2147/OARRR.S282612 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/OARRR.S282612
Li SC, Liebling MS. The use of Doppler ultrasound to evaluate lesions of localized scleroderma. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2009; 11: 205-211.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-009-0028-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-009-0028-y
Asil K, Yaldiz M. Diagnostic role of ultrasound elastography for nail bed involvement in psoriasis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98: e17917.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000017917 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000017917
Langley RG, Krueger GG, Griffiths CE. Psoriasis: epidemiology, clinical features, and quality of life. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64: ii18-23; discussion ii24-15.
https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2004.033217 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2004.033217
Wortsman X. Common applications of dermatologic sonography. J Ultrasound Med 2012; 31: 97-111.
https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.2012.31.1.97 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.2012.31.1.97
Di Nardo A, Seidenari S, Giannetti A. B-scanning evaluation with image analysis of psoriatic skin. Exp Dermatol 1992; 1: 121-125.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.1992.tb00002.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.1992.tb00002.x
Vaillant L, Berson M, Machet L, Callens A, Pourcelot L, Lorette G. Ultrasound imaging of psoriatic skin: a noninvasive technique to evaluate treatment of psoriasis. Int J Dermatol 1994; 33: 786-790.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1994.tb00994.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1994.tb00994.x
Gupta AK, Turnbull DH, Harasiewicz KA, Shum DT, Watteel GN, Foster FS, et al. The use of high-frequency ultrasound as a method of assessing the severity of a plaque of psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 1996; 132: 658-662. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.132.6.658
https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1996.03890300076011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1996.03890300076011
Menter A, Gottlieb A, Feldman SR, Van Voorhees AS, Leonardi CL, Gordon KB, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: Section 1. Overview of psoriasis and guidelines of care for the treatment of psoriasis with biologics. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 58: 826-850.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2008.02.039 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2008.02.039
Marina ME, Solomon C, Bolboaca SD, Bocsa C, Mihu CM, Tataru AD. High-frequency sonography in the evaluation of nail psoriasis. Med Ultrason 2016; 18: 312-317.
https://doi.org/10.11152/mu.2013.2066.183.hgh DOI: https://doi.org/10.11152/mu.2013.2066.183.hgh
Aydin SZ, Castillo-Gallego C, Ash ZR, Abignano G, Marzo-Ortega H, Wittmann M, et al. Potential use of optical coherence tomography and high-frequency ultrasound for the assessment of nail disease in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Dermatology 2013; 227: 45-51.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000351702 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000351702
Krajewska-Wlodarczyk M, Owczarczyk-Saczonek A, Placek W, Wojtkiewicz M, Wiktorowicz A, Wojtkiewicz J. Ultrasound assessment of changes in nails in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Biomed Res Int 2018; 2018: 8251097.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8251097 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8251097
Sandobal C, Carbo E, Iribas J, Roverano S, Paira S. Ultrasound nail imaging on patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis compared with rheumatoid arthritis and control subjects. J Clin Rheumatol 2014; 20: 21-24.
https://doi.org/10.1097/RHU.0000000000000054 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/RHU.0000000000000054
Armesto S, Esteve A, Coto-Segura P, Drake M, Galache C, Martinez-Borra J, et al. [Nail psoriasis in individuals with psoriasis vulgaris: a study of 661 patients]. Actas Dermosifiliogr 2011; 102: 365-372 (in Spanish).
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1578-2190(11)70819-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1578-2190(11)70819-8
McGonagle D, Ash Z, Dickie L, McDermott M, Aydin SZ. The early phase of psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 70: i71-76.
https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2010.144097 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2010.144097
DeWane ME, Waldman R, Lu J. Dermatomyositis: Clinical features and pathogenesis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 82: 267-281.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2019.06.1309 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2019.06.1309
Muro Y, Sugiura K, Akiyama M. Cutaneous manifestations in dermatomyositis: key clinical and serological features - a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 51: 293-302.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-015-8496-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-015-8496-5
Chung MP, Richardson C, Kirakossian D, Orandi AB, Saketkoo LA, Rider LG, et al. Calcinosis biomarkers in adult and juvenile dermatomyositis. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19: 102533.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102533 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102533
Hou Y, Luo YB, Dai T, Shao K, Li W, Zhao Y, et al. Revisiting pathological classification criteria for adult idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: in-depth analysis of muscle biopsies and correlation between pathological diagnosis and clinical manifestations. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2018; 77: 395-404.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jnen/nly017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnen/nly017
Dalakas MC, Hohlfeld R. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Lancet 2003; 362: 971-982.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14368-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14368-1
Ran M, Li H, Lu M. Expert consensus on high-frequency ultrasound diagnosis of common skin diseases. Chin J Frontiers Med Sci 2019; 11: 23-28.
Kolasinski SL, Chi AS, Lopez-Garib AJ. Current perspectives on imaging for systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, and dermatomyositis/polymyositis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2016; 42: 711-732.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdc.2016.07.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdc.2016.07.007
Sudol-Szopinska I, Jacques T, Gietka P, Cotten A. Imaging in dermatomyositis in adults and children. J Ultrason 2020; 20: e36-e42.
https://doi.org/10.15557/JoU.2020.0007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15557/JoU.2020.0007
Song Y, Lee S, Yoo DH, Jang KS, Bae J. Strain sonoelastography of inflammatory myopathies: comparison with clinical examination, magnetic resonance imaging and pathologic findings. Br J Radiol 2016; 89: 20160283.
https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20160283 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20160283
Suliman YA, Kafaja S, Fitzgerald J, Wortsman X, Grotts J, Matucci-Cerrinic M, et al. Ultrasound characterization of cutaneous ulcers in systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol 2018; 37: 1555-1561.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-018-3986-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-018-3986-5
Lorente-Luna M, Alfageme RF, Gonzalez LC. Ultrasound diagnosis of calcified skin deposits. Actas Dermosifiliogr 2015; 106: 586-588. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adengl.2015.06.013
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ad.2014.12.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ad.2014.12.020
Mittal GA, Wadhwani R, Shroff M, Sukthankar R, Pathan E, Joshi VR. Ultrasonography in the diagnosis and follow-up of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies - a preliminary study. J Assoc Physicians India 2003; 51: 252-256.
Levy DM, Kamphuis S. Systemic lupus erythematosus in children and adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am 2012; 59: 345-364.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2012.03.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2012.03.007
van Vollenhoven R, Voskuyl A, Bertsias G, Aranow C, Aringer M, Arnaud L, et al. A framework for remission in SLE: consensus findings from a large international task force on definitions of remission in SLE (DORIS). Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 76: 554-561.
https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209519 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209519
Guillevin L, Dorner T. Vasculitis: mechanisms involved and clinical manifestations. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; Suppl 2: S9.
https://doi.org/10.1186/ar2193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/ar2193
Zhang Y, Lv Q, Xie M, Wang X, Xiang F, Lu C, et al. Investigation of fingertip vascular changes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus by high-frequency ultrasonography in combination with quantitative studies of blood flow. Radiol Practice 2009; 24: 331-333.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4160-6161-8.00133-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4160-6161-8.00133-8
Li Q. The value of color Doppler ultrasound in monitoring the renal impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus by testing. Chinese Imag J Integr Tradit Western Med 2017; 15: 302-304.
Kimball H, Kimball D, Siroy A, Tuna IS, Boyce BJ, Albayram MS. Novel diagnostic imaging features of facial lupus panniculitis: ultrasound, CT, and MR imaging with histopathology correlate. Clin Imaging 2019; 58: 177-181.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2019.07.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2019.07.006
Kneisel A, Hertl M. Autoimmune bullous skin diseases. Part 1: clinical manifestations. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2011; 9: 844-856; quiz 857.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2011.07793.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2011.07793.x
Kneisel A, Hertl M. Autoimmune bullous skin diseases. Part 2: diagnosis and therapy. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2011; 9: 927-947.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2011.07809.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2011.07809.x
Zheng X, Wu C, Jin H, Liu J, Wang H. Investigation of using very high-frequency ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of early-stage pemphigus vulgaris vs seborrheic dermatitis. Skin Res Technol 2020; 26: 476-481.
https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.12836 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.12836
Guo R, Qiu L. Ultrasonic manifestations of bullous pemphigoid: case report. Chin J Med Imag Technol 2018; 34: 1743.
Cheng X, Li J, Zhou G, Liu Y, Lu X, Wang N, et al. High-frequency ultrasound in blistering skin diseases: a useful method for differentiating blister locations. J Ultrasound Med 2017; 36: 2367-2371.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.14278 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.14278
Izzetti R, Nisi M, Aringhieri G, Vitali S, Oranges T, Romanelli M, et al. Ultra-high frequency ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of oral pemphigus and pemphigoid: An explorative study. Skin Res Technol 2021; 27: 682-691.
https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.13000 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.13000
Heibel HD, Hooey L, Cockerell CJ. A review of noninvasive techniques for skin cancer detection in dermatology. Am J Clin Dermatol 2020; 21: 513-524.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-020-00517-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-020-00517-z
Dalimier E, Salomon D. Full-field optical coherence tomography: a new technology for 3D high-resolution skin imaging. Dermatology 2012; 224: 84-92.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000337423 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000337423
Sahu A, Yélamos O, Iftimia N, Cordova M, Alessi-Fox C, Gill M, et al. Evaluation of a combined reflectance confocal microscopy-optical coherence tomography device for detection and depth assessment of basal cell carcinoma. JAMA Dermatol 2018; 154: 1175-1183.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.2446 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.2446
Haroon A, Shafi S, Rao BK. Using reflectance confocal microscopy in skin cancer diagnosis. Dermatol Clin 2017; 35: 457-464.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2017.06.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2017.06.007
Borsari S, Pampena R, Lallas A, Kyrgidis A, Moscarella E, Benati E, et al. Clinical indications for use of reflectance confocal microscopy for skin cancer diagnosis. JAMA Dermatol 2016; 152: 1093-1098.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.1188 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.1188
Guilera JM, Barreiro Capurro A, Carrera Alvárez C, Puig Sardá S. The role of reflectance confocal microscopy in clinical trials for tumor monitoring. Dermatol Clin 2016; 34: 519-526.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2016.06.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2016.06.001
Star P, Guitera P. Lentigo maligna, macules of the face, and lesions on sun-damaged skin: confocal makes the difference. Dermatol Clin 2016; 34: 421-429.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2016.05.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2016.05.005
Gill M, González S. Enlightening the pink: use of confocal microscopy in pink lesions. Dermatol Clin 2016; 34: 443-458.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2016.05.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2016.05.007
Boone M, Norrenberg S, Jemec G, Del Marmol V. High-definition optical coherence tomography: adapted algorithmic method for pattern analysis of inflammatory skin diseases: a pilot study. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 305: 283-297.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-012-1311-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-012-1311-8
Boone MALM, Norrenberg S, Jemec GBE, Del Marmol V. High-definition optical coherence tomography imaging of melanocytic lesions: a pilot study. Arch Dermatol Res 2014; 306: 11-26.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-013-1387-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-013-1387-9
Ulrich M, von Braunmuehl T, Kurzen H, Dirschka T, Kellner C, Sattler E, et al. The sensitivity and specificity of optical coherence tomography for the assisted diagnosis of nonpigmented basal cell carcinoma: an observational study. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173: 428-435.
https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13853 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13853
Tankam P, Soh J, Canavesi C, Lanis M, Hayes A, Cogliati A, et al. Gabor-domain optical coherence tomography to aid in Mohs resection of basal cell carcinoma. Journal of the Amer Acad Dermatol 2019; 80: 1766-1769.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2018.09.029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2018.09.029
Boone MALM, Suppa M, Pellacani G, Marneffe A, Miyamoto M, Alarcon I, et al. High-definition optical coherence tomography algorithm for discrimination of basal cell carcinoma from clinical BCC imitators and differentiation between common subtypes. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015; 29: 1771-1780.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13003
Cheng HM, Lo S, Scolyer R, Meekings A, Carlos G, Guitera P. Accuracy of optical coherence tomography for the diagnosis of superficial basal cell carcinoma: a prospective, consecutive, cohort study of 168 cases. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175: 1290-1300.
https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14714 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14714
Maher NG, Blumetti TP, Gomes EE, Cheng HM, Satgunaseelan L, Lo S, et al. Melanoma diagnosis may be a pitfall for optical coherence tomography assessment of equivocal amelanotic or hypomelanotic skin lesions. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177: 574-577.
https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15187 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15187
Crisan M, Crisan D, Sannino G, Lupsor M, Badea R, Amzica F. Ultrasonographic staging of cutaneous malignant tumors: an ultrasonographic depth index. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 305: 305-313.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-013-1321-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-013-1321-1
Kozárová A, Kozár M, Tonhajzerová I, Pappová T, Minariková E. The value of high-frequency 20 MHz ultrasonography for preoperative measurement of cutaneous melanoma thickness. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 2018; 26: 15-20.
Meyer N, Lauwers-Cances V, Lourari S, Laurent J, Konstantinou MP, Lagarde JM, et al. High-frequency ultrasonography but not 930-nm optical coherence tomography reliably evaluates melanoma thickness in vivo: a prospective validation study. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171: 799-805.
https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13129
Sobolewski P, Maślińska M, Zakrzewski J, Paluch Ł, Szymańska E, Walecka I. Applicability of shear wave elastography for the evaluation of skin strain in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatol Int 2020; 40: 737-745.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-020-04539-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-020-04539-y
Sobolewski P, Elżbieta Dźwigała M, Maślińska M, Szymańska E, Walecka I. How to perform high ultrasound examination of skin involvement among patients with systemic sclerosis - proposition of a unified protocol. Reumatologia 2021; 59: 9-11.
https://doi.org/10.5114/reum.2021.103469 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/reum.2021.103469
Longo C, Lallas A, Kyrgidis A, Rabinovitz H, Moscarella E, Ciardo S, et al. Classifying distinct basal cell carcinoma subtype by means of dermatoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy. J Amer Acad Dermatol 2014; 71: 716-724.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.04.067 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.04.067
Piłat P, Borzęcki A, Jazienicki M, Gerkowicz A, Krasowska D. High-frequency ultrasound in the diagnosis of selected non-melanoma skin nodular lesions. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2019; 36: 572-580.
https://doi.org/10.5114/ada.2019.89505 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/ada.2019.89505
Pathania YS, Apalla Z, Salerni G, Patil A, Grabbe S, Goldust M. Non-invasive diagnostic techniques in pigmentary skin disorders and skin cancer. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21: 444-450.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14547 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.14547
Niu Z, Wang Y, Zhu Q, Liu J, Liu Y, Jin H. The value of high-frequency ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of early mycosis fungoides and inflammatory skin diseases: a case-control study. Skin Res Technol 2021; 27: 453-460.
https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.12945 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.12945
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Ke Chai, Ruixuan Zhu, Fujian Luo, Yaqian Shi, Minghui Liu, Yangfan Xiao, Rong Xiao
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All digitalized ActaDV contents is available freely online. The Society for Publication of Acta Dermato-Venereologica owns the copyright for all material published until volume 88 (2008) and as from volume 89 (2009) the journal has been published fully Open Access, meaning the authors retain copyright to their work.
Unless otherwise specified, all Open Access articles are published under CC-BY-NC licences, allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material for non-commercial purposes, provided proper attribution to the original work.
