Accumulation and removal of Streptococcus mutans biofilm on enamel and root surfaces in vitro

Anne Breivik; Aida Mulic; Amer  Sehic; Håkon Rukke  Valen; Simen Kopperud; Linda Stein; Qalbi  Khan

doi:10.2340/biid.v11.41059

Authors

Anne Breivik Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
Aida Mulic Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Oslo, Norway
Amer Sehic Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Håkon Rukke Valen Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Oslo, Norway
Simen Kopperud Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Oslo, Norway
Linda Stein Department of Clinical Dentistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Qalbi Khan Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.2340/biid.v11.41059

Keywords:

Biofilm removal, Streptococcus mutans, enamel, root, root caries

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to quantitatively investigate the accumulation of Streptococcus mutans biofilm on enamel and root surfaces and assess the amount of biofilm removal using (1) experimental toothpaste and (2) water, in a closed system of flow chamber.

Methods: Eight sound premolars were embedded in epoxy resin and polished with silicon carbide grinding papers to display enamel and root surfaces. To mimic biofilm, cultures of Streptococcus mutans were prepared and grown on the tooth surfaces over night before they were exposed to either 2 liters of Milli Q water or 2 liters of 40% experimental toothpaste in the flow chamber. The amount of biofilm was measured and quantified in Fluorescence microscopy. Mean fluorescence values were recorded and analysed using Microsoft® Excel® (MS Excel 2016).

Results: The ability to grow biofilm was equally present at both the enamel and root surfaces. The use of water and 40% experimental toothpaste showed a significant reduction of areas covered with biofilm on both enamel and root dentin in comparison to untreated surfaces (p < 0.01). Significantly more biofilm was removed from enamel compared to root surfaces when treated with either water and toothpaste (p < 0.01). Slightly less biofilm was removed by the use of water compared to toothpaste on both enamel and root dentin surfaces, although the differences were not statistically significant.

Conclusion: The results indicate that less biofilm is removed from the root surfaces than enamel by the use of water and 40% experimental toothpaste in flow chamber. Assessing oral biofilm accumulation and monitoring biofilm formation on enamel and root dentin surfaces give oral health professionals important directions that could strenghten the significance of dental caries prevention. Improving older individuals’ oral hygiene practices should therefore be considered an important measure to prevent root caries.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Machiulskiene V, et al. Terminology of dental caries and dental caries management: consensus report of a workshop organized by ORCA and Cariology Research Group of IADR. Caries Res. 2019;54(1):7–14. https://doi.org/10.1159/000503309 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000503309

Oong EM, et al. The effect of dental sealants on bacteria levels in caries lesions: a review of the evidence. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139(3):271–8. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0156 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0156

Ranganathan V, Akhila C. Streptococcus mutans: has it become prime perpetrator for oral manifestations? J Microbiol Exp. 2019;7:207–13. https://doi.org/10.15406/jmen.2019.07.00261 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15406/jmen.2019.07.00261

Matsumoto-Nakano M. Role of Streptococcus mutans surface proteins for biofilm formation. Jap Dent Sci Rev. 2018;54(1):22–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdsr.2017.08.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdsr.2017.08.002

Fure S. Ten-year cross-sectional and incidence study of coronal and root caries and some related factors in elderly Swedish individuals. Gerodontology. 2004;21(3):130–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-2358.2004.00025.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-2358.2004.00025.x

Sánchez-García S, et al. A prediction model for root caries in an elderly population. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2011;39(1):44–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.2010.00569.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.2010.00569.x

Balhaddad AA, et al. Pronounced effect of antibacterial bioactive dental composite on microcosm biofilms derived from patients with root carious lesions. Front Mater. 2020;7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.583861 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.583861

Pentapati KC, Siddiq H, Yeturu SK. Global and regional estimates of the prevalence of root caries – systematic review and meta-analysis. Saudi Dent J. 2019;31(1):3–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2018.11.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2018.11.008

Razak PA, et al. Geriatric oral health: a review article [Internet]. J Int Oral Health. 2014 [cited 07-02-2023];6(6):110–16. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4295446/

Yu OY, et al. Dental biofilm and laboratory microbial culture models for cariology research. Dent J (Basel). 2017;5(2):21. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj5020021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/dj5020021

World Health Organization. Global oral health status report. Towards universal health coverage for oral health by 2030 [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240061484 [cited 22 Jan 2024]

Kassebaum NJ, et al. Global burden of untreated caries: a systematic review and metaregression. J Dent Res. 2015;94(5):650–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034515573272 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034515573272

Zhang N, et al. Development of a multifunctional adhesive system for prevention of root caries and secondary caries. Dent Mater. 2015;31(9):1119–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2015.06.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2015.06.010

Heasman PA, et al. Gingival recession and root caries in the ageing population: a critical evaluation of treatments. J Clin Periodontol. 2017;44(S18):S178–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12676 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12676

Hayes M, et al. Risk indicators associated with root caries in independently living older adults. J Dent. 2016;51:8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2016.05.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2016.05.006

Cai J, et al. Status and progress of treatment methods for root caries in the last decade: a literature review. Aust Dent J. 2018;63(1):34–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/adj.12550 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/adj.12550

Qutieshat A, et al. Perspective and practice of root caries management: a multicountry study – part I. J Conserv Dent. 2021;24(2):141–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/jcd.jcd_19_21 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jcd.jcd_19_21

Paris S, et al. How to intervene in the caries process in older adults: a joint ORCA and EFCD expert Delphi consensus statement. Caries Res. 2020;54(5–6):459–65. https://doi.org/10.1159/000510843 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000510843

Takahashi N, Nyvad B. Ecological hypothesis of dentin and root caries. Caries Res. 2016;50(4):422–31. https://doi.org/10.1159/000447309 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000447309

Sen S, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of root caries in the geriatric population in the rural sector. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2020;9(2):771–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1053_19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1053_19

Griffin SO, et al. Estimating rates of new root caries in older adults. J Dent Res. 2004;83(8):634–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/154405910408300810 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/154405910408300810

Zhang J, et al. Risk predictors of dental root caries: a systematic review. J Dent. 2019;89:103166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2019.07.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2019.07.004

Gati D, Vieira AR. Elderly at greater risk for root caries: a look at the multifactorial risks with emphasis on genetics susceptibility. Int J Dentistry. 2011;2011:e647168. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/647168 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/647168

Sundaragopal N, Hou L, Enciso R. Efficacy of non-invasive and minimally invasive techniques for the prevention/management of root caries in older adults – a literature review. Dent Rev. 2022;2(4):100061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dentre.2022.100061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dentre.2022.100061

Tonetti MS, et al. Dental caries and periodontal diseases in the ageing population: call to action to protect and enhance oral health and well-being as an essential component of healthy ageing – consensus report of group 4 of the joint EFP/ORCA workshop on the boundaries between caries and periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodontol. 2017;44(S18):S135–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12681 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12681

Shin NR, Choi JS. Manual dexterity and dental biofilm accumulation in independent older adults without hand disabilities: a cross-sectional study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2019;25:74–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.11.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.11.007

Figuero E, et al. Mechanical and chemical plaque control in the simultaneous management of gingivitis and caries: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2017;44(S18):S116–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12674 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12674

Vyas T, et al. Chemical plaque control – a brief review. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2021;10(4):1562–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2216_20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2216_20

Abdellatif H, et al. Comparison between water flosser and regular floss in the efficacy of plaque removal in patients after single use. Saudi Dent J. 2021;33(5):256–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2021.03.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2021.03.005

Mancinelli-Lyle D, et al. Efficacy of water flossing on clinical parameters of inflammation and plaque: a 4-week randomized controlled trial. Int J Dent Hyg. 2023;21(4):659–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/idh.12770 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/idh.12770

Elkerbout TA, et al. How effective is a powered toothbrush as compared to a manual toothbrush? A systematic review and meta-analysis of single brushing exercises. Int J Dent Hyg. 2020;18(1):17–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/idh.12401 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/idh.12401

Thomassen TMJA, Van der Weijden FGA, Slot DE. The efficacy of powered toothbrushes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Int J Dent Hyg. 2022;20(1):3–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/idh.12563 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/idh.12563

Wang Y, et al. Efficient removal of dental plaque biofilm from training typodont teeth via water flosser. Bioengineering (Basel). 2023;10(9):1061. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10091061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10091061

Rüdiger Stefan G, Dahlén G, Carlen A. Protein and bacteria binding to exposed root surfaces and the adjacent enamel surfaces in vivo. Swed Dent J. 2015;39(1):11–22.

Malcangi G, et al. Analysis of dental enamel remineralization: a systematic review of technique comparisons. Bioengineering (Basel). 2023;10(4):472. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10040472 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10040472

Shahmoradi M, et al. Fundamental structure and properties of enamel, dentin and cementum. Adv Calc Phosphate Biomater. 2014;2:511–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-53980-0_17 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-53980-0_17

Podobii O, Ladonko M. Optimization of the recipe of toothpaste by carrageenan addition. UJFS. 2017;5(1): 63-70 . https://doi.org/10.24263/2310-1008-2017-5-1-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24263/2310-1008-2017-5-1-9

Zhang J, Lo ECM. Epidemiology of dental root caries: a review of risk factors. Front Oral Maxillofac Med. 2020;2. https://doi.org/10.21037/fomm.2020.03.02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/fomm.2020.03.02

Rodrigues J, et al. Prevention of crown and root caries in adults. Periodontology 2000. 2011;55:231–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00381.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00381.x

Charadram N, et al. Development of a European consensus from dentists, dental hygienists and physicians on a standard for oral health care in care-dependent older people: an e-Delphi study. Gerodontology. 2021;38(1):41–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/ger.12501 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ger.12501

Mac Giolla Phadraig C, et al. The complexity of tooth brushing among older adults with intellectual disabilities: findings from a nationally representative survey. Disabil Health J. 2020;13(4):100935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100935 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100935

Sarembe S, et al. Influence of the amount of toothpaste on cleaning efficacy: an in vitro study. Eur J Dent. 2023;17(2):497. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1747953 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1747953

Johannsen G, et al. The importance of measuring toothpaste abrasivity in both a quantitative and qualitative way. Acta Odontol Scand. 2013;71(3–4):508–17. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016357.2012.696693 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/00016357.2012.696693

Wang C, et al. Particle size effects on abrasion, surface polishing and stain removal efficacy in a tooth model system. Biotribology. 2021;28:100196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotri.2021.100196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotri.2021.100196

Zhang J, et al. Factors associated with dental root caries: a systematic review. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2020;5(1):13–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/2380084419849045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2380084419849045

Närhi T, Syrjälä AM. Dental diseases and their treatment in the older population. Tidende. 2017;127(1): 42-48. https://doi.org/10.56373/2017-1-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.56373/2017-1-7