Characterization of temporary and permanent 3D-printed crown and bridge resins
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2340/biid.v12.43584Keywords:
3D resin, mechanical properties, wear, printing orientationAbstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical, surface, and optical properties of two 3D-printed crown and bridge resins (CROWNTEC and Temp PRINT). Additionally, the study assessed the effects of printing orientation and accelerated hydrothermal aging on their mechanical properties.
Materials and methods: Specimens were 3D-printed using digital light processing technology (Asiga MAX™). Mechanical properties, including flexural strength (FS), compressive strength, and fracture toughness (FT), were determined for each material following ISO standards. Three printing orientations (0°, 45°, and 90°) were used for fabricating 3-point bending specimens. Surface hardness was evaluated using a Vickers indenter. Two-body wear tests were conducted using a ball-on-flat configuration in a chewing simulator with 15,000 cycles, and wear depth was measured with a non-contact 3D optical profilometer. Disk-shaped specimens (n = 5/material) were prepared to measure translucency parameter, gloss and light penetration. For gloss measurement, specimens underwent laboratory-machine polishing (4,000-grit abrasive paper) and chairside two-step hand polishing (Top Dent DiaComposite). Posterior composite crowns (n = 10/material) were fabricated and subjected to cyclic fatigue aging (5,000 cycles at Fmax = 150 N) before quasi-static loading to fracture. The microstructure of each material was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test.
Results: Hydrothermal aging, printing orientation, and material type significantly affected the FS values (p < 0.05). Temp PRINT showed superior FS (129 MPa) and FT (1.3 MPa m1/2) compared to CROWNTEC (102 MPa, 0.9 MPa m1/2), particularly at 0° orientation. Gloss measurements revealed no significant differences between materials (p > 0.05) across used polishing systems. SEM analysis demonstrated differences in microstructure between the materials.
Conclusion: Temp PRINT demonstrated superior mechanical performance compared to CROWNTEC, which exhibited higher translucency values. The printing orientation was identified as a critical parameter influencing the mechanical properties and overall performance of 3D printed restorations.
Downloads
References
Dawood A, Marti BM, Sauret-Jackson V, Darwood A. 3D printing in dentistry. Br Dent J. 2015;219(11):521–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2015.914 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2015.914
Perea-Lowery L, Gibreel M, Garoushi S, Vallittu P, Lassila L. Evaluation of flexible three-dimensionally printed occlusal splint materials: an in vitro study. Dent Mater. 2023;39(10):957–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2023.08.178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2023.08.178
Additive vs. subtractive manufacturing | Formlabs [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jul 29]. Available from: https://formlabs.com/eu/blog/additive-manufacturing-vs-subtractive-manufacturing/
Lassila L, Mangoush E, He J, Vallittu PK, Garoushi S. Effect of post-printing conditions on the mechanical and optical properties of 3D-printed dental resin. Polymers. 2024;16(12):1713. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16121713 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16121713
Jain S, Sayed ME, Shetty M, Alqahtani SM, Al Wadei MHD, Gupta SG, et al. Physical and mechanical properties of 3D-printed provisional crowns and fixed dental prosthesis resins compared to CAD/CAM milled and conventional provisional resins: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Polymers. 2022;14(13):2691. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14132691 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14132691
Schweiger J, Edelhoff D, Güth J-F. 3D Printing in digital prosthetic dentistry: an overview of recent developments in additive manufacturing. J Clin Med. 2021;10(9):2010. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10092010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10092010
Kessler A, Hickel R, Reymus M. 3D Printing in dentistry – state of the art. Oper Dent. 2020;45(1):30–40. https://doi.org/10.2341/18-229-L DOI: https://doi.org/10.2341/18-229-L
van Noort R. The future of dental devices is digital. Dent Mater. 2012;28(1):3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2011.10.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2011.10.014
Tian Y, Chen CX, Xu X, Wang J, Hou X, Li K, et al. A review of 3D printing in dentistry: technologies, affecting factors, and applications. Scanning. 2021;2021:9950131. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9950131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9950131
Hosseinabadi HG, Nieto D, Yousefinejad A, Fattel H, Ionov L, Miri AK. Ink material selection and optical design considerations in DLP 3D printing. Appl Mater Today. 2023;30:101721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2022.101721 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2022.101721
Punia U, Kaushik A, Garg RK, Chhabra D, Sharma A. 3D printable biomaterials for dental restoration: a systematic review. Mater Today Proc. 2022;63:566–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.018
Temp PRINT | GC Europe N.V [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jul 29]. Available from: https://www.gc.dental/europe/en/products/tempprint
saremco print CROWNTEC | SAREMCO Dental AG [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jul 29]. Available from: https://saremco.ch/en/product/saremco-print-crowntec/
Mandurino M, Cortili S, Coccoluto L, Greco K, Cantatore G, Gherlone EF, et al. Mechanical properties of 3D printed vs. subtractively manufactured composite resins for permanent restorations: a systematic review. Materials. 2025;18(5):5. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18050985 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18050985
Prause E, Malgaj T, Kocjan A, Beuer F, Hey J, Jevnikar P, et al. Mechanical properties of 3D-printed and milled composite resins for definitive restorations: an in vitro comparison of initial strength and fatigue behavior. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2024;36(2):391–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.13132 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.13132
Korkmaz YN, Buyuk SK, Simsek H, Abay F. Comparison of the flexural strength of three different aged and nonaged 3D-printed permanent crown resins. Int J Prosthodont. 2024;37(7):203–7. https://doi.org/10.11607/ijp.8987 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11607/ijp.8987
Mankar S. Evaluation of flexural strength, modulus, translucency, stain resistance, and gloss of different 3d printing materials [Internet]. M.Sc.D., The University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States, Alabama, 2021. [cited 2024 Jul 29]. Available from: https://www.proquest.com/docview/2572543241/abstract/36C8C056470D4327PQ/1
Gad MM, Fouda SM. Factors affecting flexural strength of 3D-printed resins: a systematic review. J Prosthodont. 2023;32(S1):96–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.13640 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.13640
Väyrynen VOE, Tanner J, Vallittu PK. The anisotropicity of the flexural properties of an occlusal device material processed by stereolithography. J Prosthet Dent. 2016;116(5):811–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2016.03.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2016.03.018
ISO 4049:2019(en), dentistry – polymer-based restorative materials [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jul 29]. Available from: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/en/#iso:std:iso:4049:ed-5:v1:en
Oja J, Lassila L, Vallittu PK, Garoushi S. Effect of accelerated aging on some mechanical properties and wear of different commercial dental resin composites. Mater Basel Switz. 2021;14(11):2769. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112769 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112769
Lin C-H, Lin Y-M, Lai Y-L, Lee S-Y. Mechanical properties, accuracy, and cytotoxicity of UV-polymerized 3D printing resins composed of Bis-EMA, UDMA, and TEGDMA. J Prosthet Dent. 2020;123(2):349–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.05.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.05.002
Szczesio-Wlodarczyk A, Domarecka M, Kopacz K, Sokolowski J, Bociong K. An evaluation of the properties of urethane dimethacrylate-based dental resins. Materials. 2021;14(11):2727. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112727 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112727
Mudhaffer S, Haider J, Satterthwaite J, Silikas N. Effects of print orientation and artificial aging on the flexural strength and flexural modulus of 3D printed restorative resin materials. J Prosthet Dent. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.08.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.08.008
Casucci A, Verniani G, Barbieri AL, Ricci NM, Ferrari Cagidiaco E, Ferrari M. Flexural strength analysis of different complete denture resin-based materials obtained by conventional and digital manufacturing. Materials. 2023;16(19):6559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16196559 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16196559
Gad MM, Alshehri SZ, Alhamid SA, Albarrak A, Khan SQ, Alshahrani FA, et al. Water sorption, solubility, and translucency of 3D-printed denture base resins. Dent J. 2022;10(3):3. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj10030042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/dj10030042
Pfeifer CS, Silva LR, Kawano Y, Braga RR. Bis-GMA co-polymerizations: influence on conversion, flexural properties, fracture toughness and susceptibility to ethanol degradation of experimental composites. Dent Mater Off Publ Acad Dent Mater. 2009;25(9):1136–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2009.03.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2009.03.010
Abdulkareem MA, Al-Shamma AMW. Marginal adaptation and fracture resistance of 3D-printed and CAD/CAM-milled definitive resin matrix ceramic crowns. Int J Comput Dent. 2024;27(4):355–63. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.ijcd.b4494301
O’Brien WJ, editors. Dental materials and their selection. 3rd ed. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Pub. Co; 2002.
Nam N-E, Hwangbo N-K, Kim J-E. Effects of surface glazing on the mechanical and biological properties of 3D printed permanent dental resin materials. J Prosthodont Res. 2024;68(2):273–82. https://doi.org/10.2186/jpr.JPR_D_22_00261 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2186/jpr.JPR_D_22_00261
Al-Dulaijan YA, Alsulaimi L, Alotaibi R, Alboainain A, Alalawi H, Alshehri S, et al. Comparative evaluation of surface roughness and hardness of 3D printed resins. Materials. 2022;15(19):6822. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196822 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196822
Donmez MB, Olcay EO, Demirel M. Influence of coloring liquid immersion on flexural strength, Vickers hardness, and color of zirconia. J Prosthet Dent. 2021;126(4):589.e1–e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.11.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.11.020
Kul E, Bayindir F, Gül P, Yesildal R, Matori KA. Effect of coating on the color and surface hardness of the surface of dental ceramics. Dent Res J. 2021;18:18. https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-3327.311425 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-3327.311425
Demirsoy KK, Buyuk SK, Akarsu S, Kaplan MH, Simsek H, Abay F. Color alterations, flexural strength, and microhardness of 3D-printed resins treated in different coloring agents. Int J Prosthodont. 2025;38(1):111–18. https://doi.org/10.11607/ijp.9043 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11607/ijp.9043
Diken Türksayar AA, Demirel M, Donmez MB, Olcay EO, Eyüboğlu TF, Özcan M. Comparison of wear and fracture resistance of additively and subtractively manufactured screw-retained, implant-supported crowns. J Prosthet Dent. 2024;132(1):154–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.06.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.06.017
Grymak A, Aarts JM, Cameron AB, Choi JJE. Evaluation of wear resistance and surface properties of additively manufactured restorative dental materials. J Dent. 2024;147:105120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105120
Tamura Y, Kakuta K, Ogura H. Wear and mechanical properties of composite resins consisting of different filler particles. Odontology. 2013;101(2):156–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-012-0074-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-012-0074-1
Lawson NC, Burgess JO. Wear of nanofilled dental composites at varying filler concentrations. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2015;103(2):424–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.33212 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.33212
Mangoush E, Lassila L, Vallittu PK, Garoushi S. Microstructure and surface characteristics of short- fiber reinforced CAD/CAM composite blocks. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 2021;29(3):166-174 https://doi.org/10.1922/EJPRD_2207Mangoush09
Maier E, Grottschreiber C, Knepper I, Opdam N, Petschelt A, Loomans B, et al. Evaluation of wear behavior of dental restorative materials against zirconia in vitro. Dent Mater Off Publ Acad Dent Mater. 2022;38(5):778–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2022.04.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2022.04.016
Nagarajan VS, Jahanmir S, Thompson VP. In vitro contact wear of dental composites. Dent Mater Off Publ Acad Dent Mater. 2004;20(1):63–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0109-5641(03)00069-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(03)00069-1
He J, Garoushi S, Säilynoja E, Vallittu P, Lassila L. Surface integrity of dimethacrylate composite resins with low shrinkage comonomers. Mater Basel Switz. 2021;14(7):1614. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071614 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071614
Hahnel S, Schultz S, Trempler C, Ach B, Handel G, Rosentritt M. Two-body wear of dental restorative materials. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2011;4(3):237–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2010.06.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2010.06.001
Lazaridou D, Belli R, Petschelt A, Lohbauer U. Are resin composites suitable replacements for amalgam? A study of two-body wear. Clin Oral Investig. 2015;19(6):1485–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-014-1373-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-014-1373-4
Garoushi S, Lassila L, Vallittu PK. Impact of fast high-intensity versus conventional light-curing protocol on selected properties of dental composites. Mater Basel Switz. 2021;14(6):1381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14061381 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14061381
Lim BS, Ferracane JL, Condon JR, Adey JD. Effect of filler fraction and filler surface treatment on wear of microfilled composites. Dent Mater Off Publ Acad Dent Mater. 2002;18(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0109-5641(00)00103-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(00)00103-2
Heintze SD, Ilie N, Hickel R, Reis A, Loguercio A, Rousson V. Laboratory mechanical parameters of composite resins and their relation to fractures and wear in clinical trials – a systematic review. Dent Mater Off Publ Acad Dent Mater. 2017;33(3):e101–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2016.11.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2016.11.013
Leyva del Rio D, Johnston WM. Optical characteristics of experimental dental composite resin materials. J Dent. 2022;118:103949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2022.103949 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2022.103949
Lee Y-K. Translucency of human teeth and dental restorative materials and its clinical relevance. J Biomed Opt. 2015;20(4):045002. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.20.4.045002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.20.4.045002
Fan PL, Schumacher RM, Azzolin K, Geary R, Eichmiller FC. Curing-light intensity and depth of cure of resin-based composites tested according to international standards. J Am Dent Assoc 1939. 2002;133(4):429–34; quiz 491–3. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2002.0200 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2002.0200
ADA Professional Product Review. 2010; 5(1): 2-16.
Shim JS, Kim J-E, Jeong SH, Choi YJ, Ryu JJ. Printing accuracy, mechanical properties, surface characteristics, and microbial adhesion of 3D-printed resins with various printing orientations. J Prosthet Dent. 2020;124(4):468–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.05.034 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.05.034
Keßler A, Hickel R, Ilie N. In vitro investigation of the influence of printing direction on the flexural strength, flexural modulus and fractographic analysis of 3D-printed temporary materials. Dent Mater J. 2021;40(3):641–9. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2020-147 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2020-147
Al-Dulaijan YA, Alsulaimi L, Alotaibi R, Alboainain A, Akhtar S, Khan SQ, et al. Effect of printing orientation and postcuring time on the flexural strength of 3D-printed resins. J Prosthodont. 2023;32(S1):45–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.13572 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.13572
Marsico C, Carpenter I, Kutsch J, Fehrenbacher L, Arola D. Additive manufacturing of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic by vat polymerization for dental appliances. Dent Mater Off Publ Acad Dent Mater. 2022;38(12):2030–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2022.11.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2022.11.005
Sahin Z, Ozer NE, Yιkιcι C, Kιlιçarslan MA. Mechanical characteristics of composite resins produced by additive and subtractive manufacturing. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 2023;31(3):278–85. https://doi.org/10.1922/EJPRD_2478Sahin08
Temizci T, Bozoğulları HN. Effect of thermocycling on the mechanical properties of permanent composite-based CAD-CAM restorative materials produced by additive and subtractive manufacturing techniques. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):334. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-024-04016-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-024-04016-z
Alhotan A, Fouda AM, Al-Johani H, Yoon H-I, Matinlinna JP. Physical and mechanical properties of various resins for additively manufactured definitive fixed dental restorations: effect of material type and thermal cycling. J Prosthet Dent. Mar. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2025.02.042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2025.02.042
Di Fiore A, Stellini E, Alageel O, Alhotan A. Comparison of mechanical and surface properties of two 3D printed composite resins for definitive restoration. J Prosthet Dent. 2024;132(4):839.e1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.07.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.07.003
Mangoush E, Garoushi S, Vallittu PK, Lassila L. Influence of short fiber- reinforced composites on fracture resistance of single-structure restorations. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 2020;28(4):189–98. https://doi.org/10.1922/EJPRD_2075Mangoush10
Çakmak G, et al. Surface roughness, optical properties, and microhardness of additively and subtractively manufactured CAD-CAM materials after brushing and coffee thermal cycling. J Prosthodont. 2025;34(1):68–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.13796 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.13796
Sasany R, Donmez MB, de Paula MS, Kahveci Ç, Ceylan G, Yilmaz B, et al. Stainability and translucency of potassium aluminum sulfate applied computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing materials after coffee thermocycling. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2024;36(3):477–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.13154 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.13154
Sasany R, Jamjoon FZ, Kendirci MY, Yilmaz B. Effect of printing layer thickness on optical properties and surface roughness of 3D-printed resins: an in vitro study. Int J Prosthodont. 2024;37(7):165–73. https://doi.org/10.11607/ijp.8965 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11607/ijp.8965
Mangoush E, Lassila L, Vallittu PK, Garoushi S. Shear-bond strength and optical properties of short fiber-reinforced CAD/CAM composite blocks. Eur J Oral Sci. 2021;129(5):e12815. https://doi.org/10.1111/eos.12815 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eos.12815
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Roope Salonen, Sufyan Garoushi, Pekka Vallittu, Lippo Lassila
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry is a Diamond Open Access peer-reviewed journal, publishing research in oral biomaterials science. The publishing of articles is free for authors, thanks to the support of Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Society (AOSS), a not-for-profit society. 
