Pull-off bond strength of orthodontic molar bands cemented to enamel with novel calcium silicate, glass ionomer, and zinc phosphate cement
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2340/biid.v13.46290Keywords:
Calcium silicate cement, pull‑off bond strength, orthodontic bands, in vitro, dental biomaterialsAbstract
Aim: This in vitro study compared the pull‑off bond strength of orthodontic molar bands cemented to enamel using a novel fast‑setting and bioactive calcium silicate cement (CSC), a glass ionomer cement (GIC), and a zinc phosphate cement after 1 month of storage in phosphate‑buffered saline (PBS).
Materials and Methods: Ninety extracted human molars were randomly allocated to three groups and fitted with orthodontic molar bands. Bands were cemented using a novel fast‑setting CSC (Protooth), a GIC (Orthocem B), or a zinc phosphate cement (DeTrey Zinc) according to manufacturers’ instructions. After storage in PBS for 28 days, band debonding was performed using a universal testing machine in a wire‑loop pull‑off configuration at a cross‑head speed of 1 mm/min. The maximum load at failure was divided by the band surface area to calculate pull‑off bond strength (MPa). Data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by pairwise Mann–Whitney U tests with Holm–Bonferroni correction (α = 0.05).
Results: The median pull‑off bond strength of the CSC was 1.22 MPa (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.93–1.34 MPa), which was significantly higher than that of the GIC 0.50 MPa (IQR: 0.33–0.79 MPa; p < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed between the CSC and zinc phosphate cement 0.92 MPa (IQR: 0.61–1.23 MPa; p ≥ 0.05). All specimens exhibited similar failure modes, with less than 30 % cement remaining on enamel following debonding.
Conclusions: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the novel fast‑setting CSC demonstrated pull‑off bond strength similar to zinc phosphate cement and significantly higher than GIC after 1 month of storage in PBS. Further studies are required to evaluate the clinical performance and long‑term behavior of this material.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Mariantonietta Leo, Ishan El Khadery, Michel Dalstra, Dirk Leonhardt, Bahram Ranjkesh, Henrik Løvschall
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Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry is a Diamond Open Access peer-reviewed journal, publishing research in oral biomaterials science. The publishing of articles is free for authors, thanks to the support of Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Society (AOSS), a not-for-profit society. 
